Micro-level perception to climate change and adaptation issues: A prelude to mainstreaming climate adaptation into developmental landscape in India     

Naveen P. Singh  Bhawna Anand  Mohd Arshad Khan 《Natural Hazards》2018,92(3):1287-1304

Climate change adds another dimension of challenges to the growth and sustainability of Indian agriculture. The growing exposure to livelihood shocks from climate variability/change and limited resource base of the rural community to adapt has reinforced the need to mainstream climate adaptation planning into developmental landscape. However, a better understanding of micro-level perceptions is imperative for effective and informed planning at the macro-level. In this paper, the grass-root level perspectives on climate change impacts and adaptation decisions were elicited at farm level in the Moga district of Punjab and Mahbubnagar district of Telangana, India. The farmers opined that the climatic variability impacts more than the long-term climate change. They observed change in the quantum, onset and distribution of rainfall, rise in minimum as well as maximum temperature levels, decline in crop yield and ground water depletion. The key socio-economic effects of climate change included decline in farm income, farm unemployment, rural migration and increased indebtedness among farmers. In order to cope with climate variability and change thereon, farmers resorted to adaptation strategies such as use of crop varieties of suitable duration, water conservation techniques, crop insurance and participation in non-farm activities and employment guarantee schemes. Farmers’ adaptation to changing climate was constrained by several technological, socio-economic and institutional barriers. These include limited knowledge on the costs–benefits of adaptation, lack of access to and knowledge of adaptation technologies, lack of financial resources and limited information on weather. Besides, lack of access to input markets, inadequate farm labour and smaller farm size were the other constraints. Further, on the basis of the grass-root elicitation a ‘Need-Based Adaptation’ planning incorporating farmers’ perceptions on climate change impacts, constraints in the adoption of adaptation strategies and plausible adaptation options were linked with the most suitable ongoing programmatic interventions of the Government of India. The study concluded that micro-level needs and constraints for various adaptation strategies and interventions should be an integral part of the programme development, implementation and evaluation in the entire developmental paradigm.  相似文献   

Carbon dioxide,water vapour and energy fluxes over a semi-evergreen forest in Assam,Northeast India     

Dipankar Sarma  Kushal Kumar Baruah  Rulee Baruah  Nirmali Gogoi  Abhijit Bora  Supriyo Chakraborty  Anand Karipot 《Journal of Earth System Science》2018,127(7):94

The eddy covariance method is a powerful technique for quantification of \(\hbox {CO}_{2},\) \(\hbox {H}_{2}\)O and energy fluxes in natural ecosystems. Leaf area index (LAI) and its changes are significant drivers of \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) and \(\hbox {H}_{2}\)O exchange in a forest ecosystem due to their role in photosynthesis. The present study reports the seasonal variation of \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) and energy fluxes and their relationship with other meteorological parameters of a semi-evergreen primary forest of Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India during February 2016–January 2017. The diurnal pattern of half hourly average \(\hbox {CO}_{2 }\) fluxes over the forest was found to be mostly dominated by the incident photosynthetically active radiation. During the period of study, diurnal variations of \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) flux showed a maximum value of \(-9.97\,\upmu \)mol \(\hbox {m}^{-2}\hbox {s}^{-1}\) in the month of June during summer which is also the beginning of the monsoon season. The monthly averaged diurnal \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) flux and variation in LAI of the forest canopy closely followed each other. The annual net ecosystem exchange of the forest estimated from the \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) flux data above the canopy is 84.21 g C \(\hbox {m}^{-2}\,\hbox {yr}^{-1}\). Further studies are in progress to confirm these findings. The estimated average annual evapotranspiration of the semi-evergreen forest is 2.8 ± 0.19 mm \(\hbox {day}^{-1}\). The study of partitioning of energy fluxes showed the dominance of latent heat fluxes over sensible heat fluxes. The energy balance closure was found to increase with an increase in instability and the highest closure of around 83% was noted under neutral conditions.  相似文献   

Compression behavior of reconstituted soils mixed with bentonite for a cutoff wall in a landfill site     

Xuepeng Li  Guojun Cai  Anand J. Puppala  Songyu Liu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(10):390

Soil-bentonite (SB) backfill is used extensively in cutoff walls at landfill sites; the walls are used as engineered geotechnical barriers for contaminant control. With increasing bentonite content, the coefficient of consolidation and hydraulic conductivity of the SB decrease. However, when the bentonite content is increased beyond a certain percentage, the hydraulic conductivity of the SB decreases very little. One of the aims of this paper is to introduce the concept of optimal bentonite content (OBC) for SB cutoff walls, in which the hydraulic conductivity (k_h) is expected to be lower than 1?×?10^?9 m/s. Additionally, the paper introduces a new index consolidation stress ratio, c_vσ′, which is used to obtain the OBC. For this study, the initial water contents of the SB backfill material are selected to be 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 times their corresponding liquid limits. The clayey soils are amended with different bentonite contents, 0, 5, 8, and 10% (by dry weight basis) for the oedometer tests. Then, piezocone penetration test (CPTU) is applied in SB cutoff wall at a landfill site in Jingjiang city, China. The results of the laboratory and field studies show that the introduction of a new index, c_vσ′, is very useful for calculating the OBC and for evaluating the coefficient of consolidation and hydraulic conductivity of SB backfill. The advantage of SB backfill with OBC is that it can achieve the design requirement of very low hydraulic conductivity and improve the safety reserves.  相似文献   

Permafrost and geotechnical investigations in Nalaikh Depression of Mongolia     

Dashjamts Dalai  Batsaikhan Anan  Dugersuren Enkhbaatar 《寒旱区科学》2015,7(4):438-455

Mongolia is a land-locked country in Central Asia, located between Russia and China. The country's high altitude results in cold, dry, and harsh climatic conditions with permafrost being widespread through the territory. Although the capital city Ulaanbaatar is situated in an area with discontinuous permafrost, the downtown section has recently seen a disappearance of permafrost due to an underground central heating system. During the last decade, expansion of the suburbs toward the Nalaikh Depression has resulted in construction of a new residential complex (Urgakh Naran), construction materials trading center, cement factory and agricultural products market. In the next 10 years, projects such as a university campus, logistics center, residential complex, railway and highway extensions connecting Russia and China have been planned. Engineering-geological and geotechnical investigations have been conducted for these construction projects. This paper presents some of the results determining the engineering geocryological conditions of Nalaikh district and offers foundation design options.  相似文献   

Palynology and depositional facet of lower Permian (Artinskian) sediments from New Majri opencast mine,Wardha basin,India     

S. Mahesh  K. Pauline Sabina  L. Mahesh Bilwa 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2014,83(6):697-708

Coal samples and the associated sediments from New Majri open cast mine have been analysed palynologically with the following objectives: to date the sediments on the basis of the palyno-assemblage recognised; to carry out an inter-basinal, intra-basinal and Gondwana wide correlation; to interpret the palaeoenvironment and depositional facet of the coal field on the basis of dispersed organic matter analysis and sedimentary facies analysis. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the spore and pollen content one palyno-assemblage-Scheuringipollenites and Faunipollenites has been recognised which is typical of lower Barakar Formation. This has been correlated with known palyno-assemblages from Wardha basin and other basins in India, while with the Gondwana continents the assemblage has been broadly correlated with early Permian Australian, African, South America palynofloras as well as early Permian palynoflora of Antarctica. Consequently, a tentative late Early Permian, Artinskian age is proposed for the sediments from New Majri open cast mine. Palynological studies also revealed that the peat forming vegetation was mainly composed of gymnosperms represented by glossopterids (Scheuringipollenites, Ibisporites, Platysaccus, Cuneatisporites, Primuspollenites and Sahnites), conifers (Faunipollenites, Striatites, Striatopodocarpites, Verticipollenites, Distriatites) and cordaites (Parasaccites, Plicatipollenites, Crucisaccites, Divarisaccus, Densipollenites). Spores were represented mainly by filicopsids (Horriditriletes, Brevitriletes, Callumispora) and sphenopsids (Latosporites). The relative abundance of structured organic matter implies the existence of a fairly dense cover of vegetation in the hinterland. Anaerobic, reducing, water logged peat-forming conditions have been inferred by the presence of biodegraded organic matter and amorphous organic matter. The charcoal fragments recovered from the present study area reflects a possible wildfire in the accumulated swamps or a wildfire in the hinterland after which the sediments were flushed by fluvial systems into the swamps. The coalfield exhibits horizontal bedding pattern which may be due to deposition by suspension settling or horizontal accretion. Further the alternating high and low energy regime is noticed in the sandstone-shale intercalated beds overlying the coarse grained yellow sandstone which forms the roof of the coal seam. Comprehensively the sediments are deposited as overbank / levee deposits.  相似文献   

Ionospheric disturbances with the time of occurrence, magnitude and location of the earthquake (M6.5) near the Indian subcontinent     

C. P. Simha  G. Pavan Kumar  P. Mahesh  A. Navaneeth  K. M. Rao  B. K. Rastogi  V. N. Sridhar  A. K. Shukla 《Natural Hazards》2014,70(1):935-940

The present study purports the analysis of total electron content (TEC, which is one of the major ionosphere anomalies during the earthquake), sea surface temperature (SST) and outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) during the earthquake event recorded on 10 March 2013 (M = 6.5). Global assimilative ionosphere modelled output TEC values have been used for this present study; the clear signature of TEC during the recorded earthquake has been noticed (i.e. increase in TEC 60–70 TECU during the event). The correlation between the magnitude and location of earthquake with TEC is around 0.9, and the least correlation between SST and OLR is due to concerned atmospheric effects; we tried to study the variations of SST and OLR prior during and after the event from Kalpana satellite image products archived by IMD.  相似文献   

Pointing of HAGAR telescope mirrors     

K. S. Gothe  T. P. Prabhu  P. R. Vishwanath  B. S. Acharya  R. Srinivasan  V. R. Chitnis  P. U. Kamath  G. Srinivasulu  F. Saleem  P. M. M. Kemkar  P. K. Mahesh  F. Gabriel  J. Manoharan  N. Dorji  T. Dorjai  D. Angchuk  A. I. D’souza  S. K. Duhan  B. K. Nagesh  S. K. Rao  S. K. Sharma  B. B. Singh  P. V. Sudersanan  M. Tashi Thsering  S. S. Upadhya  G. C. Anupama  R. J. Britto  R. Cowsik  L. Saha  A. Shukla 《Experimental Astronomy》2013,35(3):489-506

An array of seven atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes was commissioned at a high altitude site in Hanle in the Ladakh region of the Himalayas. The array called HAGAR has been designed to observe celestial γ-rays of energy >100 GeV. Each telescope is altitude-azimuth mounted and carries seven parabolic mirrors whose optic axes are co-aligned with the telescope axis. The telescopes point and track a celestial source using a PC-based drive control system. Two important issues in positioning of each HAGAR telescope are pointing accuracy of telescope axis and co-alignment of mirrors’ optic axes with the telescope axis. We have adopted a three pronged strategy to address these issues, namely use of pointing models to improve pointing accuracy of the telescopes, RA-DEC scan technique to measure the pointing offsets of the mirrors and mechanical fine-tuning of off-axis mirrors by sighting a distant stationary light source. This paper discusses our efforts in this regard as well as the current status of pointing and monitoring of HAGAR telescopes.  相似文献   

Jump relations across a shock in non-ideal gas flow     

R. K. Anand 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2012,342(2):377-388

Generalized forms of jump relations are obtained for one dimensional shock waves propagating in a non-ideal gas which reduce to Rankine-Hugoniot conditions for shocks in idea gas when non-idealness parameter becomes zero. The equation of state for non-ideal gas is considered as given by Landau and Lifshitz. The jump relations for pressure, density, temperature, particle velocity, and change in entropy across the shock are derived in terms of upstream Mach number. Finally, the useful forms of the shock jump relations for weak and strong shocks, respectively, are obtained in terms of the non-idealness parameter. It is observed that the shock waves may arise in flow of real fluids where upstream Mach number is less than unity.  相似文献   

The Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer: First results     

S.Z. Weider  B.J. Kellett  B.M. Swinyard  I.A. Crawford  K.H. Joy  M. Grande  C.J. Howe  J. Huovelin  S. Narendranath  L. Alha  M. Anand  P.S. Athiray  N. Bhandari  J.A. Carter  A.C. Cook  L.C. d'Uston  V.A. Fernandes  O. Gasnault  M. Wieczorek 《Planetary and Space Science》2012,60(1):217-228

We present X-ray fluorescence observations of the lunar surface, made by the Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer during two solar flare events early in the mission (12th December 2008 and 10th January 2009). Modelling of the X-ray spectra with an abundance algorithm allows quantitative estimates of the MgO/SiO₂ and Al₂O₃/SiO₂ ratios to be made for the two regions, which are in mainly basaltic areas of the lunar nearside. One of these ground tracks includes the Apollo 14 landing site on the Fra Mauro Formation. Within the 1σ errors provided, the results are inside the range of basaltic samples from the Apollo and Luna collections. The Apollo 14 soil composition is in agreement with the results from the January flare at the 1σ uncertainty level. Discrepancies are observed between our results and compositions derived for the same areas by the Lunar Prospector gamma-ray spectrometer; some possible reasons for this are discussed.  相似文献   

Measurements of radon flux and soil-gas radon concentration along the Main Central Thrust, Garhwal Himalaya, using SRM and RAD7 detectors     

Abhay Anand Bourai  Sunita Aswal  Anoop Dangwal  Mukesh Rawat  Mukesh Prasad  Nagendra Prasad Naithani  Veena Joshi  Rakesh Chand Ramola 《Acta Geophysica》2013,61(4):950-957

Radon in the Earth’s crust or soil matrix is free to move only if its atoms find their way into pores or capillaries of the matrix. ²²²Rn atoms from solid mineral grains get into air, filling pores through emanation process. Then ²²²Rn enters into the atmosphere from air-filled pores by exhalation process. The estimation of radon flux from soil surface is an important parameter for determining the source term for radon concentration modeling. In the present investigation, radon fluxes and soil-gas radon concentration have been measured along and around the Main Central Thrust (MCT) in Uttarkashi district of Garhwal Himalaya, India, by using Scintillation Radon Monitor (SRM) and RAD7 devices, respectively. The soil radon gas concentration measured by RAD7 with soil probe at the constant depth was found to vary from 12 ± 3 to 2330 ± 48 Bq·m^?3 with geometrical mean value of 302 ± 84 Bq·m^?3. Th significance of this work is its usefulness from radiation protection point of view.  相似文献